SPID (Public Digital Identity System), two important steps for its introduction in Italy:
on 24 October 2014 decree of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers
On 15 September 2015 the accreditation of Identity Providers at the Italian Agency for Digital Identity began

CIE (Electronic Identity Card), introduced in 1997 with the Bassanini laws.
In 2001 experimental issuance in 83 municipalities.
In 2004 the second experimental model was used to verify other possible problems.
From 1 January 2006 the replacement of the paper Identity Card begins.
 

• It allows access to various telematic services with the pin and password that are provided when it is issued.
• It was also introduced to ensure the safety of those who own it.

In fact, it is difficult to counterfeit because it is made with special inks and has security elements (holograms). In it there is a radio frequency chip inside which there are the data of the holder and other data digitally signed by the Ministry of the Interior.
 

Thanks to the web, the world of medicine and what gravitates around it has also changed

WHAT YOU CAN DO ONLINE: 

• Research health and medical institutions
• Search for opinions and reviews
• Online medical appointment booking
• Online medical consultations - telemedicine
• Sending clinical documentation to any in the world
• Online payment for healthcare services
• Digital management of the same patient between a facility or multiple facilities
   

• Little time spent booking visits or requesting consultations
• Support for the visit with advance of medical documents via the web
• Speed of bureaucracy
• Possibility of medical request even for those who do not have nearby health facilities
• Simplify patient management
• Document sharing while respecting privacy
• Facilitation of the treatment pathway.
   

• Many patients seek multiple comparisons increasing their treatment times.
• On the web you can often find medical news written even by people 'not in the field’
• Risk of privacy violation
   

Regions, municipalities and the government in general are trying to digitize all their services to streamline procedures.

Here are some examples: 

• Online request for appointments for electronic identity card

• National Registry of the Resident Population

• Websites for schools

• PagoPA – single payments platform
   

Regions, municipalities and the government in general are trying to digitize all their services to streamline procedures.

For:

• Simplicity in making a request
• Intuitive procedure
• Easily modifiable and cancellable booking

Against: 

• Difficulties for those who are not familiar with technology
• Inability to interface in case of operator problems
   

It is a database that allows the information of exchange.

Exchange of information between: public administrations and municipalities.

Dialogue between: municipalities and citizens.

It allows you to:

• Request registry certificates
• To carry out the area of residence or dwelling
• Consult your personal data
• Rectify data
• Managing the registry family

It is a platform that aims to collect citizens' data.

Unique, digital and secure

• Platform for demographic services offered to millions of citizens
• Accessible and constantly updated data
• Assistance service constantly updated and improved following interviews with citizens themselves

N.B. The new reserved area is also available in English, German, French and Slovenian, so as to simplify its use also by European citizens and linguistic minorities present in Italy.
 

The Ministry of Education and Merit has developed a standard website template for Italian Schools.

Major Objectives:

• Accessibility
• Feature
• Navigability
   

The Io app is an application for using public services.
It is downloadable on both Android and IOS systems and is intuitive.
It is free of charge and is developed and managed by PagoPA S.p.A.

To use it, you must: 

• BE OF LEGAL AGE
• HAVE A SPID OR ELECTRONIC IDENTITY CARD

Security on IO: IO shares data with the Istituto Poligrafico and the State Mint to identify the subject and only for the time necessary to allow the digital version of the documents to be added to the Portfolio.

On the IO app there is the Documents section: the first step towards the IT-Wallet System, i.e. the Italian digital wallet system established by art. 64-quarter of the Digital Administration Code. It is a feature that allows you to add the digital version of your documents to the app.

Allows the use of:

• Driver's license
• Health Insurance Card
• European Health Insurance Card
• European Disability Card
   

Assistance provided by lawyers through digital channels (email, chat, video call, dedicated platforms), on civil, criminal, administrative, tax legal matters, etc.

Services most offered, advice on:

• Contracts
• Legal disputes
• Drafting of legal documents
• Debt
• GDPR privacy protection
• Employment law
• Consulting for companies
   

Malta’s electronic identity system, eID, provides citizens and residents with secure access to a wide range of online public services through a single sign-on. Issued by Identity Malta, it is a key enabler of digital government.

Key Features:

• Access services like tax returns (CFR), social security, health records (MyHealth), and educational portals (MySchool).
• eIDAS-compliant for use across the EU.
• Available to both Maltese nationals and legally resident foreign nationals.

Benefits:

• Centralised authentication increases convenience and security.
• Reduces paperwork and waiting times in accessing government services.
   

Malta’s digital platforms for health and education are designed to improve service delivery and citizen experience.

MyHealth Portal:

• View medical test results, prescriptions, and vaccination records.
• Book appointments and communicate with healthcare providers online.

MySchool Platform:

• Allows students and guardians to access academic records, attendance, and school communication.
• Teachers can upload content and manage lesson plans digitally.

Benefits:

• Enhances accessibility and transparency.
• Saves time for families, educators, and healthcare users.

Malta continues to expand digital access to central and local public services through streamlined platforms.

Key Portals:

• servizz.gov.mt – Central access to over 500 government services, from license applications to benefit claims.
• mygov.mt – Unified account access across departments.
• Appoġġ eServices – Digital access to social welfare services.

Benefits:

• Accessible 24/7 from anywhere.
• Reduces physical queues and simplifies documentation.

Malta’s unified government services app, maltapps, provides mobile access to a growing range of services through dedicated mServices.

Key Features:

• Renew driver’s licences, check fines, request certificates, and more.
• Organised into service sectors, from health to transport and education.
• Available on Android and iOS.

Benefits:

• One-stop access to government services via smartphone.
• Improves digital inclusion through user-friendly mobile tools.
   

Malta has made strong progress in providing widespread access to digital public services. However, to ensure truly inclusive digital participation, particular attention is needed to address confidence, representation, and gendered barriers in digital engagement.

Challenges:

• Gender disparity in ICT careers: Women represent only 13.8% of ICT specialists in Malta, despite strong basic digital skills among younger women.
• Confidence gaps among older women: Women aged 55 are less likely to feel confident solving digital problems independently, limiting their engagement with online services.

Opportunities:

• Targeted digital upskilling: Expand community-based training and flexible learning models that accommodate time-constrained users, especially women balancing work and care responsibilities.
• Mobile-first and simplified platforms: Tools like maltapps can help reduce digital friction for less confident users, especially if designed with accessibility in mind.
• Trust-building through safe design: Promote privacy-by-design principles and clear consent mechanisms to empower cautious or first-time users, particularly those handling sensitive data.

Digital identity and authentication in Czechia are built around secure tools like eObčanka MojeID and BankID, enabling citizens to access public services and verify their identity online.

• eObčanka / eDoklady: A physical ID card with an embedded chip, used for logging into government and municipal portals, accessing healthcare, tax, and property records and digitally signing documents (with a qualified certificate). It eliminates need for in-person government visits, enhances data protection and user control
• MojeID: a digital identity service that allows users to log in securely to government portals, private websites, and e-commerce platforms using a single verified account. It is usable across government systems (e.g., Portál občana), banks, healthcare providers, and private websites.
• Bankovní identita (BankID): a digital identity service that enables Czech citizens to securely verify their identity online using login credentials from their bank. It’s integrated into the National Identity Authority (NIA) system and is accepted by both public institutions and private companies.

Registry and authorization services in Czechia provide citizens with secure digital access to official records, certificates, and delegated powers across key public registries.

• Cadastre & Land Registry: A digital platform that allows users to view property ownership records, land parcels, and legal relationships tied to real estate. Accessible via Portál občana after authentication. It enables Fast, transparent access to legal property data for owners, buyers, and professionals.
• eMatriky/eRegistry: Centralized digital access to vital records including birth, marriage, and death certificates, managed by local authorities and connected to national systems. It reduces time spent at registry offices; automates certificate issuance and updates.
• Register of Representations (REZA): A digital tool for managing powers of attorney, allowing individuals to grant, view, or revoke authorizations for acting on their behalf in dealings with public institutions. Eliminates paper forms and enables secure digital representation, which is useful especially for seniors or business owners.
   

The Citizen’s Portal is Czechia’s central digital gateway to public administration services, offering secure, personalized access to a wide range of government tools, records, and applications through a single platform.

Key Features:

• Integrates over 600 public services from various ministries and authorities
• Supports eObčanka, Bankovní identita, MojeID, and data boxes
• View personal data such as criminal records, driver points, tax filings, social benefits, health insurance…
• Submit applications for ID cards, passports, birth certificates, driver’s licenses, and address changes
• Receive alerts about document expirations, tax deadlines, or pending requests.

Benefits:

Eliminates the need to visit physical offices for most services saving time and money, access government functions anytime, from anywhere.

Data Boxes are a secure digital mailbox system used for official electronic communication between citizens, businesses, and public authorities in Czechia. They are legally equivalent to registered mail and are a core part of Czech eGovernment infrastructure.

Key Features:

• Messages sent via Data Boxes are considered officially delivered, with a timestamp
• Users can receive and send documents to/from government offices, courts, tax authorities, and selected private entities
• Automatic storage of received and sent documents with proof of delivery

Benefits:
Documents have the same legal weight as physical registered letters and all official communication is stored  in one secure place, with searchable history. Private citizens can use a data box at no charge.

Digital services are developed within specific sectors to streamline citizen interaction with healthcare, taxation, school application and public records. 

Client zone Jenda: An online self-service portal provided by the Czech Social Security Administration, enabling individuals and employers to access social insurance records and manage interactions with the state’s social system.

Key features: 

• View records of pension contributions, employment history, parental allowance and insurance payments.
• Submit requests for pension estimates or confirmation of insurance.
• Submit request for parental allowance, and specifically choose monthly installments and length of receiving parental allowance
• Track application status for benefits or pensions.

eReceipts (eRecept): A nationwide electronic prescription system operated by the State Institute for Drug Control that allows doctors to issue prescriptions digitally and patients to access them via SMS, email, app, or citizen portal.

Key Features:

• Digital delivery of prescriptions directly to the patient’s device or data mailbox.
• Mobile-friendly app for patients to manage and show active prescriptions. 
   

Czechia has made significant progress in digitizing public services. However, despite strong infrastructure and alignment with EU strategies, persistent challenges remain in ensuring equitable access.

Challenges:

• Around 1.5 million people still lack access to digital services.
• Weak high-speed connectivity despite the VHCN (Very High Capacity Network) strategy, mostly in rural or underserved “white zones”. 
• An estimated 1.4 million people struggle to fully engage in digital society due to limited digital skills, with the greatest impact on those affected by intersecting structural barriers such as gender, age, disability, ethnicity, socio-economic status, or language.
• Many digital tools lack truly user-centered design principles, failing to reflect intersecting barriers (e.g. age, gender, ethnicity, disability, social disadvantage, or language barriers). For example, technical or complex language limits accessibility and usability.
• Lack of transparency and inclusive data risks deepening digital inequalities, particularly relating to age, gender, race, economic stability, social disadvantagement and ethnicity.

Opportunities:

• Inclusive design: Create digital tools using participatory and user-centered approaches prioritizing accessibility and clarity for people with varied lived experiences, especially those affected by inequalities and facing barriers (simple language, clear navigation).
• Data collection: Gather anonymized demographic data to identify and address gaps.
• Trust building: Strengthen transparency around data use and privacy.
• Inclusive Digital skills support and outreach: Combine tailored training with targeted campaigns to empower digitally excluded groups.
   

Cl@ve is an electronic identification and authentication system created by the Spanish government to allow citizens to securely access public services online. It works like a “digital key,” using your DNI (National Identity Document) or NIE (Foreigner Identification Number) along with a password or code. 

It is useful for managing procedures with public institutions such as Social Security, the Tax Agency, SEPE (Public Employment Service), or local governments, without needing to visit offices in person.

The Carpeta Ciudadana is a free online portal provided by the Government of Spain to facilitate citizens' access to services and personal information held by public administrations.

Through the Carpeta Ciudadana, users can:

• Consult their personal data registered by public institutions (such as residence, educational qualifications, employment or family status).
• Download official certificates and documents
• Check notifications and messages sent by public bodies.
• Track the status of administrative procedures
• Access personalized services offered by various national and regional entities
• To access the Carpeta Ciudadana, users must authenticate themselves via Cl@ve, digital certificate, or electronic ID (DNIe).

https://carpetaciudadana.gob.es/carpeta/clave.htm
 

In Spain, there is no single national model for school websites, unlike in Italy. This is because the Spanish education system is decentralized, and each region (comunidad autónoma) manages its own schools and digital tools.

However, some regions offer common platforms or shared templates to help schools create their websites. For example:

• Madrid uses the EducaMadrid platform, where many schools have similar website structures.
• Catalonia has the XTEC network, which provides tools and templates for schools.
• Andalusia does not have a standard website model, but all schools use the Séneca system, connected to the Pasen and iPasen apps for communication with families.
   

Online Legal Consulting Services in Spain

In Spain, many online platforms offer legal advice and support for individuals and small businesses.

Services most offered, advice on:

•  Legal consultations
•  Drafting of contracts, wills, complaints, and more
•  Legal advice on labor law, housing, family law, immigration, etc.